All you need to know about US election 2016

The most powerful nation on earth is about to elect a new leader, with the impact felt across the globe. So how will the election work and how did we end up with Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton?

When the US picks its president, it is not only choosing a head of state but a head of government and a commander-in-chief of the largest military on the planet.

Technically, to run for president, you only need to be “a natural born” US citizen, at least 35 years old, and have been a resident for 14 years.

Nearly every president since 1933 has been a governor, senator, or five-star military general. And that’s before you even consider getting a party nomination and securing national media attention.

In this 2016 election, at one stage there were 10 governors or former governors and 10 who are or were senators, although many have since dropped out.

One person is nominated to represent the Republican and Democratic parties in the presidential election.

A series of elections are held in every state and overseas territory, starting in February, which determine who becomes each party’s official presidential candidate.

The winner of each collects a number of “delegates” – party members with the power to vote for that candidate at the party conventions held in July, where candidates are formally confirmed.

The more state contests a candidate wins, the more delegates will be pledged to support them at the convention.

Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump were the clear winners in 2016 and were officially nominated at their party’s conventions in July.

They are two of the most unpopular candidates in modern American history.

At the conventions, the parties also officially unveiled their vice-president picks – Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia for Mrs Clinton, and Indiana Governor Mike Pence for the Republicans.

There has been a slew of controversies generated by Donald Trump, from the moment the New York businessman launched his campaign with the description of Mexican immigrants as “rapists and criminals”. His candidacy has rarely gone a few weeks without sparking some uproar. He’s waged wars of words with a judge, a Miss Universe, a Fox News anchor and the Muslim family of a fallen soldier. He’s had to defend his refusal not to release his tax returns and the suggestion he has paid no federal income tax for 18 years, plus field questions surrounding his charitable foundation.

Hillary Clinton has had her share of anxious moments too. The damage wrought by her private email arrangement to her reputation is thought to be significant, despite the FBI effectively closing the investigation in July and clearing Clinton of wrongdoing. Questions have been raised about the foreign donations to the Clinton Foundation. Mr Trump has also put the spotlight on the part she played in pushing back at the women who claimed to have affairs with her husband Bill. And WikiLeaks has been revealing hacked emails that have laid bare some embarrassing conversations between members of her campaign team.

The biggest bombshell to jolt the Trump campaign came on 7 October with the publication of a video from 2005. Mr Trump is heard referring to women in sexually offensive terms when he was caught on a live microphone during the filming of a soap. The furore forced him to issue an apology and try to convince voters that the words in the video “do not reflect who I am”. But it wasn’t enough to stop dozens of Republicans from deserting him, sparking civil war within the party. Now more half a dozen women have accused him of sexual assault, and he has hit back forcefully, accusing them of being liars and not attractive enough to warrant his attention.

Then just 11 days before election day, the FBI announced it had found more emails “pertinent” to the Clinton email investigation, but could not yet say how significant these emails were. They were found on a laptop belonging to the estranged husband of one of Clinton’s closest advisers, Huma Abedin, as police investigated whether he sent explicit text messages to a 15-year-old girl. These emails are now being looked at by the FBI to see if they include classified material or any evidence that their investigation into the emails was intentionally hampered.

The campaign has been consumed by controversy and the vote on Tuesday feels more like a referendum on the two candidates’s personalities.

But there are substantive differences on issues too.

The candidate with the most votes in each state becomes the candidate which that state supports for president.

It’s all down to a system called the electoral college, a group of people who choose the winner – 538 of them, in fact. Just half of them – 270 – are needed to make a president.

But not all states are equal – California, for example, has more than 10 times the population of Connecticut, so they don’t get an equal say.

Each state has certain number of these “electors” based on their population in the most recent census (it so happens that it’s the same number of districts in a state, plus two senators).

When citizens vote for their preferred candidate, they’re actually voting for the electors, some of which are pledged to one candidate, some for another.

But here’s where it gets interesting. In almost every state (except Nebraska and Maine), the winner takes all – so the person who wins the most electors in New York, for example, will get all 29 of New York’s electoral votes.

In the race to get to the magic number – 270 – it’s the swing states that often matter most.

So, we’ve got two candidates, both in a race to get to 270 electors by winning whole states at a time.

Both parties think they can bank on certain states, big and small. Republicans will count on Texas, and not waste their money campaigning to a great extent there. Similarly, California is likely to sit in the Democrats’ column.

The others are known as “swing states” – where it could go either way. Florida in particular, with its 29 votes, famously decided the 2000 election in favour of George W. Bush, who lost the popular vote nationally but, after a Supreme Court case, won the electoral college.

In the days and weeks after the election – if the vote is decisive – the victor will assemble a cabinet and begin crafting a more thorough policy agenda.

Meanwhile, the departing “lame duck” president works to shape his legacy and begins packing up his belongings.

Under the US constitution, the president is inaugurated on 20 January of the year following the election.

The Senate election results will also have a big impact. Republicans currently hold the majority in the 100-seat chamber. But 34 seats are up for grabs on 8 November. Democrats need a net gain of four seats to win control of the chamber if Hillary Clinton wins the presidency, as the US vice-president is automatically a member of the Senate, and five seats if Donald Trump is victorious.

In the House of Representatives, all 435 seats will be contested. Republicans have controlled it since the 2010 mid-terms, and currently hold 247 seats, compared to the Democrats’ 188. This means the Democrats would need to win 30 to regain control. A swing of this size is widely considered unlikely, though they may narrow the Republican majority.

Source: BBC